When the algorithm itself is a racist: Diagnosing ethical harm in the basic Components of Software

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Diagnosing Gender Bias in Image Recognition Systems (2020, background): “Nevertheless, a growing body of research has shown that algorithms propagate, and even amplify, existing social structures and biases (Angwin et al. 2016; Benjamin 2019; Noble 2018; Sandvig et al. 2016).”
Ethical Implications and Accountability of Algorithms (2018, unknown): “…the current version of the CFAA when changing a mock user profile to see whether Facebook’s News-Feed shows different results based on gender (Sandvig et al. 2016), whether AirBnB offers different options based on the race of the user, or to test whether Google search results are biased…”
The platformization of cultural production: Theorizing the contingent cultural commodity (2018, unknown): “The issue of accountability concerns content moderation, but also algorithmic content curation , which, as software studies scholars have pointed out, has a large impact, but is much harder to observe, let alone audit (Sandvig et al., 2016).”
The ethics of algorithms: key problems and solutions (2020, unknown): “Its malleability enables the company to make continuous revisions, suggesting a permanent state of destabilisation (Sandvig et al. 2016).”