Negative impact of hypocaloric feeding and energy balance on clinical outcome in ICU patients.

By Stéphane Villet, R. Chioléro, M. Bollmann, J. Revelly, Marie-Christine Cayeux R N, J. Delarue, M. Berger. Clinical Nutrition, 2005

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Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 (2017, background): “Some evidence suggests that intentional early underfeeding as compared to early full feeding of critically ill patients may lead to immune hyporesponsiveness and an increase in infectious complications (549).”
ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. (2019, neutral): “On the other hand, a too low intake, below 50%, may lead to severe calorie debt and empty the energy reserves, reduce lean body mass and may increase infectious complications [116,117].”
The relationship between nutritional intake and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: results of an international multicenter observational study (2009, background): “Our overall findings are consistent with the published literature describing an association between worse clinical outcomes and increasing caloric debt [1–3], but are discordant with the findings of Krishnan and colleagues that showed that 33–66% of goal calories were associated with Table 5 Relatio”
ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: intensive care. (2006, background): “Villet et al.(4) concluded that there is as yet no answer to the question ‘‘how long can an ICU patient been starved without deleterious consequences’’.”