Does the Environmental Kuznets Curve Describe How Individual Countries Behave?

By Robert T. Deacon, C. Norman. Land Economics, 2004

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Are There Income Effects on Global Willingness to Pay for Biodiversity Conservation? (2009, background): “Empirical evidence both in support and contradiction of a U-shape relationship between pollution and income can be found in the literature (Deacon and Norman 2006).”
Corruption and the environmental Kuznets Curve: Empirical evidence for sulfur (2010, background): “Deacon and Norman [15] focus their attention on the within-country relationship between pollution and income, to account for this limitation.”
Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of environmental taxes (2012, background): “However, other studies such as Stern and Commons (2001) suggested that the relationship could be monotonic, whilst Deacon and Norman (2006) found that the relationship tends to be country-specific and dependent on the approach used.”
Energy efficiency, rebound effects and the environmental Kuznets Curve (2011, background): “The empirical phenomenon – much debated – is that rising prosperity will eventually be accompanied by falling pollution levels, following from some earlier growth period where both prosperity and pollution are increasing (Deacon and Norman, 2006; Markandya et al, 2006; Johansson and Kristrom, 2007).”