Endothelial Dysfunction, Hemodynamic Forces, and Atherogenesis a

By M. Gimbrone, J. N. Topper, T. Nagel, K. R. Anderson, G. Garcı́a-Cardeña. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2000

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Effects of Disturbed Flow on Vascular Endothelium: Pathophysiological Basis and Clinical Perspectives (2011, background): “geometries at arterial branch points, curvatures, and poststenotic regions lead to disturbances in flow pattern, with a low net forward flow and shear stress ( 4 dyn/cm(2)), such complex flow patterns without a clear direction play significant roles in inducing endothelial dysfunction, with impairme”
KLF2 Is a Novel Transcriptional Regulator of Endothelial Proinflammatory Activation (2004, background): “Indeed, atherosclerotic lesion development is accentuated at branch points that do not experience LSS (2, 14).”
A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome (2009, background): “Endothelial dysfunction is the final common pathway between many cardiovascular risk factors and the development of atherosclerosis (Gimbrone et al., 2000; Huang, 2005; Kim et al., 2006).”
Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (2013, background): “Most likely this is influenced by the nature of the blood flow, since areas exposed to normal shear stress seem to be protected; here endothelial cells express atheroprotective genes [1].”
The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (2005, background): “These are coupled with increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS), endothelial permeability to lipoproteins, leukocyte adhesion, apoptosis, smooth muscle cell proliferation and collagen deposition”