Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: A review.

By Xiaojian Wang, Shanqing Xu, Shiwei Zhou, Wei Xu, Martin Leary, Peter Choong, M. Qian, Milan Brandt, Yi Min Xie. Biomaterials, 2016

1,963 citations recorded by the source corpus.

One of the critical issues in orthopaedic regenerative medicine is the design of bone scaffolds and implants that replicate the biomechanical properties of the host bones. Porous metals have found themselves to be suitable candidates for repairing or replacing the damaged bones since their stiffness and porosity can be adjusted on demands. Another advantage of porous metals lies in their open space for the in-growth of bone tissue, hence accelerating the osseointegration process. The fabrication of porous metals has been extensively explored over decades, however only limited controls over the internal architecture can be achieved by the conventional processes. Recent advances in additive manufacturing have provided unprecedented opportunities for producing complex structures to meet the increasing demands for implants with customized mechanical performance. At the same time, topology optimization techniques have been developed to enable the internal architecture of porous metals to be designed to achieve specified mechanical properties at will. Thus implants designed via the topology optimization approach and produced by additive manufacturing are of great interest. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of topological design and manufacturing processes of various types of porous metals, in particular for titanium alloys, biodegradable metals and shape memory alloys. This review also identifies the limitations of current techniques and addresses the directions for future investigations.

Subfields: Biomedical Engineering, Materials Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d3cc712b5c820eb804c9679f665e704ff79e5aae

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Citations in the corpus

Additive manufacturing of bio-inspired multi-scale hierarchically strengthened lattice structures (2021, methodology): “Besides, austenitic TiNi shape memory alloys (SMAs) were also investigated due to their low elastic modulus (typically 48-69 GPa [8, 17]), good biocompatibility (better than stainless steel [18, 19] and Ti6Mo3Al titanium alloy [20]), superelasticity (SE) and high damping capacity (essential to avoid”
Compressive properties of 3D printed auxetic structures: experimental and numerical studies (2020, background): “…as cores for sandwich panels (Imbalzano et al. 2017), smart filters (Alderson et al. 2000), mechanical absorbers (Bezazi and Scarpa 2007), sound absorbers (Scarpa, Bullough, and Lumley 2004), magnetics (Abramovitch et al. 2010) and medical industries (Wang et al. 2016; Yang, Vora, and Chang 2018).”
Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous structures: from multi-scale design, precise additive manufacturing to multidisciplinary applications (2022, background): “Several special technologies are proposed to generate porous features, such as salt leaching, gas-foaming, and phase-separation followed by freeze-drying [3].”