Unexpected actions of vitamin D: new perspectives on the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity

By J. Adams, M. Hewison. Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology &Metabolism, 2008

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1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and interleukin-2 combine to inhibit T cell production of inflammatory cytokines and promote development of regulatory T cells expressing CTLA-4 and FoxP3 (2009, background): “may play a significant role in immune regulation is the active form of vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) (21) (22).”
Vitamin D Inhibits Monocyte/macrophage Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production by Targeting Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase 1 (2012, background): “roles in both innate and adaptive immunity (2).”
Vitamin D Supplementation during Pregnancy: Double Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial of Safety and Effectiveness (2011, background): “Further, the physiologic function of this altered vitamin D metabolism may be related to increased reliance on innate immune function during pregnancy, as well as decreased adaptive immune responses,((7,8,10,92))”
Update in vitamin D. (2010, background): “The more evolutionarily primitive function of vitamin D is that of a cytokine generated to protect the inside environment of the host (single cell organisms to man) from microbial invaders in the external environment (8).”
Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009, neutral): “001 Spring, Mar-May 5246 39 (27-51) 18 (16-21) Summer, June-Aug 4504 66 (44-87) 13 (11-15) Fall, Sept-Nov 4646 56 (37-74) 21 (19-24) Age, y 12-19 2955 26 (24-29) 22 (19-24)”