Hook Echoes and Rear-Flank Downdrafts: A Review

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Direct Surface Thermodynamic Observations within the Rear-Flank Downdrafts of Nontornadic and Tornadic Supercells (2002, background): “Although the dynamical relationship remains poorly understood, the association among hook echoes, rear-ﬂank downdrafts (RFDs), and tornadoes is well established (Markowski 2002a).”
Polarimetric Signatures in Supercell Thunderstorms (2008, background): “For a review of rear-flank downdrafts and hook echoes, see Markowski (2002).”
Tornadogenesis: Our current understanding, forecasting considerations, and questions to guide future research (2009, background): “3) of rear-flankdowndrafts (RFDs), hook echoes, and “clear slots” in close proximity to tornadoes (Markowski, 2002).”
A review of supercell and tornado dynamics (2015, unknown): “…introduced through the top into the divergent flow above the mature updraft; they fall around the side of the updraft in a realistic rain curtain (albeit axisymmetric) on the scale of a radar hook (roughly 5 km in radius, Markowski, 2002b) and drag air with substantial angular momentum downward.”
Thermodynamic Analysis of Supercell Rear-Flank Downdrafts from Project ANSWERS (2007, background): “The association between supercell thunderstorm rear-flank downdrafts (RFDs) and tornadoes has long been recognized (Markowski 2002a) More recent research has focused on direct measurements within the RFD by utilizing a mobile mesonet (Straka et al. 1996).”