Direct Surface Thermodynamic Observations within the Rear-Flank Downdrafts of Nontornadic and Tornadic Supercells

By P. Markowski, Jerry M. Straka, E. Rasmussen. 2002

373 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Atmospheric Science, Computational Mechanics, Global and Planetary Change

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/af7c101e451f09ef4976f42b244d3586d269d790

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Citations in the corpus

Estimations of CIN and LFC Associated with Tornadic and Nontornadic Supercells (2004, neutral): “Because thermodynamic parameters computed from surface-based parcels appear to relate to tornado likelihood (Markowski et al. 2002), tornado cases were examined relative to CIN and LFC using surface-based computations, which was not done in RB98.”
Close Proximity Soundings within Supercell Environments Obtained from the Rapid Update Cycle (2003, background): “The lower MLLCL heights of the significantly tornadic storms support the hypothesis of Markowski et al. (2002) that increased low-level relative humidity (RH) may contribute to increased buoyancy in the rear flank downdraft, and an increased probability of tornadoes.”
A review of supercell and tornado dynamics (2015, background): “Unexpectedly, field observations obtained during VORTEX1 and subsequent experiments did not find very cool air with low moist entropy at 3 m above the ground near strong and violent tornadoes (Markowski, 2002a; Markowski et al., 2002).”
The Impact of Raindrop Collisional Processes on the Polarimetric Radar Variables (2014, background): “…for understanding the evolution of raindrop size spectra is that storm dynamics can be strongly inﬂuenced by precipitation microphysics (Srivastava 1985, 1987; Markowski et al. 2002; Gilmore et al. 2004; Dawson et al. 2010; Van Weverberg et al. 2011; Bryan and Morrison 2012; Morrison et al. 2012).”
Characteristics of Vertical Wind Profiles near Supercells Obtained from the Rapid Update Cycle (2003, background): “…terribly surprising; even on storm scales observed during recent field experiments using mobile in situ sensors and radar, many kinematic traits of WT and NT supercells have been virtually indistinguishable (e.g., Blanchard and Straka 1998; Trapp 1999; Wakimoto and Cai 2000; Markowski et al. 2002).”
Tornadogenesis: Our current understanding, forecasting considerations, and questions to guide future research (2009, background): “In spite of this, the buoyancy of low-level outflow, in supercells at least, has been found to be most strongly a function of the lowlevel relative humidity (Markowski et al., 2002; Shabbott and Markowski, 2006).”
Hook Echoes and Rear-Flank Downdrafts: A Review (2002, background): “…within su-percell storms to date Analyses of these spatially and temporally dense ‘‘mobile mesonet’’ observations within hook echoes and RFDs will be presented in a companion paper (Markowski et al. 2002), and these data may begin to shed some light on at least a couple of the questions posed above”
Comparison of Evaporation and Cold Pool Development between Single-Moment and Multimoment Bulk Microphysics Schemes in Idealized Simulations of Tornadic Thunderstorms (2010, background): “Based on observational studies, particularly Marshall and Palmer (1948) and Gunn and Marshall (1958), an exponential distribution”
Global climatology of Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) and Convective Inhibition (CIN) in ERA-40 reanalysis (2009, methodology): “For convective precipitation, and severe weather analysis and forecasting the parameter CAPE (ConvectiveAvailable Potential Energy) is used (e.g. Rasmussen and Blanchard, 1998; Craven et al., 2002; Markowski et al., 2002; Brooks et al., 2003; Brooks et al., 2007; Doswell and Evans, 2003).”