Impact of the electricity mix and use profile in the life-cycle assessment of electric vehicles

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Conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid or electric vehicles? State-based comparative carbon and energy footprint analysis in the United States (2015, background): “The importance of the electricity generation mix and driving patterns has been stressed in previous studies [15–25].”
A consumer-oriented total cost of ownership model for different vehicle types in Germany (2017, background): “So far, only Hou et al. (2014) and Faria et al. (2013) have considered the used battery reserved value and/or disposal at the end of the battery’s lifetime in a BEV but did not incorporate other essential ownership costs.”
Forecasting the trajectory of electric vehicle sales and the consequences for worldwide CO2 emissions (2020, background): “Moreover, Norwayaims tohave all newcars emission-free by2025 (Milne, 2017) and to be carbon-neutral by 2050 (Figenbaum et al., 2015).”
Towards Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Alternative Passenger Vehicles (2014, methodology): “In this analysis, the M&R costs of PHEVs are assumed to be 80% of those of the ICV, whereas M&R costs of the EV are assumed to be 70% of the ICV, and the cost for the HEV is assumed to be same as those for the ICV [100].”