Valuing Nature with Travel Cost Models

By Frank A. Ward, D. Beal. 2000

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The Travel Cost Model (2003, methodology): “For a good historical account of the model which was first applied over 50 years ago, see Ward and Beal (2000).”
Can nature-based tourism benefits compensate for the costs of national parks? A study of the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany (2014, methodology): “We dealt with the multiple-trip bias (Ward & Beal, 2000) by assigning the full consumer surplus to the visitors with high national park affinity, while the visitors not motivated by BFNP were excluded from the consumer surplus aggregation.”
Environmental values and resource management options: a choice modelling experience in Malaysia (2004, methodology): “Most studies have applied the TCM to estimate the benefits of nature-based recreation – for instance, Shuib, 1991; Willis et al., 1998; Othman and Othman, 1998; Othman, 2000.”
An Intellectual History of Environmental Economics (2002, methodology): “Ward FA, Beal D. 2000.”
Economic impact of alternative policy responses to prolonged and severe drought in the Rio Grande Basin (2005, background): “An estimated regional travel cost model [Ward et al., 1997; Ward and Beal, 2000] provides information to compute economic values of selected drought-coping institutions that would alter reservoir levels.”