Migratory behaviour and host-parasite co-evolution in natural populations of monarch butterflies infected with a protozoan parasite

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The multifarious effects of dispersal and gene flow on contemporary adaptation (2007, background): “2002; Thrall, Burdon & Bever 2002) whereas others have not (Kaltz et al . 1999; Oppliger, Vernet & Baez 1999; Altizer 2001).”
Variation in thermally induced melanism in monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from three North American populations (2005, background): “Aside from different migration strategies, there is little information on evolutionary differences in phenotypic traits among wild monarch populations (but see Altizer, 2001).”
Parasites hinder monarch butterfly flight: implications for disease spread in migratory hosts (2005, background): “Past work demonstrated that experimentally infected monarchs reared in captivity experienced lower survival to adulthood, lower body mass upon eclosion, smaller forewings and had shorter adult lifespans than uninfected butterflies (Altizer & Oberhauser 1999; Altizer 2001 ) ‐ but only for butterflie”