Cis-regulatory elements: molecular mechanisms and evolutionary processes underlying divergence

By Patricia J. Wittkopp, G. Kalay. Nature reviews genetics, 2011

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The Molecular Basis of Phenotypic Convergence (2014, background): “There is a long-standing debate over whether structural or regulatory changes fuel adaptive evolutionary change (e.g., King & Wilson 1975, Hoekstra & Coyne 2007, Carroll 2008, Wittkopp & Kalay 2012).”
Ever-changing landscapes: transcriptional enhancers in development and evolution (2016, background): “In addition to their central role in developmental gene regulation, enhancers are fertile targets for evolutionary change, as they are both cell-type specific (allowing for modulation of target gene expression in specific tissue context without affecting other pleiotropic gene functions) and commonl”
Whole-genome duplication in teleost fishes and its evolutionary consequences (2014, background): “It is still lively debated whether changes in coding- or non-coding sequences are more relevant to the evolution of genes and new traits (Carroll 2000; Hoekstra and Coyne 2007; Wray 2007; Lynch and Wagner 2008; Wittkopp and Kalay 2012).”
Engineering Quantitative Trait Variation for Crop Improvement by Genome Editing. (2017, background): “In addition, CREs were predicted outside of the four CRs (Figures S2A and S2B), and proper organization and spacing of CREs and cis-regulatory modules are also important for promoter function (Baxter et al., 2012; Wittkopp and Kalay, 2011).”