Macrophage Phenotype and Function in Different Stages of Atherosclerosis
By I. Tabas, K. Bornfeldt. Circulation Research, 2016
967 citations recorded by the source corpus.
The remarkable plasticity and plethora of biological functions performed by macrophages have enticed scientists to study these cells in relation to atherosclerosis for more than 50 years, and major discoveries continue to be made today. It is now understood that macrophages play important roles in all stages of atherosclerosis, from initiation of lesions and lesion expansion, to necrosis leading to rupture and the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, to resolution and regression of atherosclerotic lesions. Lesional macrophages are derived primarily from blood monocytes, although recent research has shown that lesional macrophage-like cells can also be derived from smooth muscle cells. Lesional macrophages take on different phenotypes depending on their environment and which intracellular signaling pathways are activated. Rather than a few distinct populations of macrophages, the phenotype of the lesional macrophage is more complex and likely changes during the different phases of atherosclerosis and with the extent of lipid and cholesterol loading, activation by a plethora of receptors, and metabolic state of the cells. These different phenotypes allow the macrophage to engulf lipids, dead cells, and other substances perceived as danger signals; efflux cholesterol to HDL; proliferate and migrate; undergo apoptosis and death; and secrete a large number of inflammatory and pro-resolving molecules. This review article, part of the Compendium on Atherosclerosis, discusses recent advances in our understanding of lesional macrophage phenotype and function in different stages of atherosclerosis. With the increasing understanding of the roles of lesional macrophages, new research areas and treatment strategies are beginning to emerge.
Subfields: Epidemiology, Immunology
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cef7de4b14aab1d0e5d6ad8451765f90614b8429
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Citations in the corpus
- Atherosclerosis (2019, background): “Tabas and Bornfeldt(17) highlight the fates of these important cells in different stages of atherosclerosis.(17) They review the func-”
- Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease (2018, background): “…and involve the entry of monocytes into plaques and the retention, emigration, and apoptosis of lesional macrophages (Chinetti-Gbaguidi et al., 2015; Chistiakov, Bobryshev, Nikiforov, 2015; Lu, 2016; Moore et al., 2013; Rolin & Maghazachi, 2014; Tabas & Bornfeldt, 2016; Woollard & Geissmann, 2010).”
- The Metabolic Signature of Macrophage Responses (2019, background): “As specialized phagocytic cells, macrophages are capable to uptake different forms of lipids such as LDL, VLDL, and oxidized lipoproteins from both engulfed dying cells and microenvironment via phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, and scavenger receptor-mediated pathways (146).”