Chiral magnetic order at surfaces driven by inversion asymmetry

By M. Bode, M. Heide, K. Bergmann, P. Ferriani, S. Heinze, G. Bihlmayer, A. Kubetzka, O. Pietzsch, S. Blügel, Roland Wiesendanger. Nature, 2007

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Strength and directionality of surface Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida interaction mapped on the atomic scale (2010, background): “Although it is well known that strong spin–orbit coupling, which is present on Pt(111), might lead to a significant Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya type of exchange D i j · ( S i × S j ) resulting in a canting of the two spins in the pai”
Current-induced spin-orbit torques in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems (2018, background): “Interfacial DMI was already evidenced in magnetic atomic monolayers or bilayers by spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy that revealed magnetization cycloids of fixed handedness (Bode et al., 2007; Meckler et al., 2009).”
Spontaneous atomic-scale magnetic skyrmion lattice in two dimensions (2011, background): “A key ingredient in the theories of magnetic skyrmions is the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (DM) interaction, which has only recently been discovered to play a significant role for magnetic nanostructures at surface”
Tunable room-temperature magnetic skyrmions in Ir/Fe/Co/Pt multilayers. (2016, positive): “However, their emergence in thin multilayer ﬁlms with interfacial DMI is particularly exciting 14,15 due to the inherent tunability of magnetic interactions in 2D, and the material compatibility with existing spintronic technology 8 .”