Microstructure of Interpass Rolled Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V Components
By Filomeno Martina, Paul A. Colegrove, Stewart W. Williams, J. Meyer. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, 2015
267 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Mechanical property anisotropy is one of the issues that are limiting the industrial adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) Ti-6Al-4V components. To improve the deposits’ microstructure, the effect of high-pressure interpass rolling was evaluated, and a flat and a profiled roller were compared. The microstructure was changed from large columnar prior $$\beta $$β grains that traversed the component to equiaxed grains that were between 56 and 139 μm in size. The repetitive variation in Widmanstätten $$\alpha $$α lamellae size was retained; however, with rolling, the overall size was reduced. A “fundamental study” was used to gain insight into the microstructural changes that occurred due to the combination of deformation and deposition. High-pressure interpass rolling can overcome many of the shortcomings of AM, potentially aiding industrial implementation of the process.
Subfields: Automotive Engineering, Mechanical Engineering
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cc4e83e8dd7a4625417ab30f1d9507e3a7aab85b
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Citations in the corpus
- A review of wire arc additive manufacturing and advances in wire arc additive manufacturing of aluminium (2018, background): “[18] stated that the recrystallisation is dependent upon the amount of strain rather than the highest temperature reached during layer deposition.”
- Control of residual stress and distortion in aluminium wire + arc additive manufacture with rolling (2018, background): “To put this into context, the elimination of distortion with steel and Ti-6Al-4V deposits has not been possible at all in this way and caused the structure to fracture instead [12], [33], [50].”
- Hot forging wire and arc additive manufacturing (HF-WAAM) (2020, background): “Because the deformation occurs at high temperatures, the forces involved are small, and the stiffness of the hot forging equipment is lower than that of the cold rolling variant [20].”
- Current Status and Perspectives on Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) (2019, background): “[18] showed that inter-layer rolling in WAAM of Ti-6Al-4V induced prior β grain refinement, thickness reduction of the α-phase lamellae, and an overall modification of the microstructure from columnar to equiaxed.”
- Anisotropy and heterogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties in metal additive manufacturing: A critical review (2018, background): “Layer bandings is a popular observed phenomenon in metal AM materials [26, 44, 142, 143].”
- The Current State of Research of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM): A Review (2021, background): “The directional grain growth that occurs in titanium alloys in additive manufacturing can be reduced by an intermediate forming process [39,47,98,107,299,305,312,313], the addition of further elements like boron, silicon or other elements [303,311,317,321,322] or applying post-weld heat treatment [3”
- The effectiveness of combining rolling deformation with Wire–Arc Additive Manufacture on β-grain refinement and texture modification in Ti–6Al–4V (2016, unknown): “Regardless of being rolled or not, all the samples underwent a very similar cooling rate [30] through the β transus, and therefore theα transformation structure was found to be nearly identical for all build conditions.”
- Criticality of porosity defects on the fatigue performance of wire + arc additive manufactured titanium alloy (2019, background): “Another cause for the test data scatter has been identified as the AM microstructure characteristics that are controlled by the cooling rate and peak temperature during deposition [12].”