Current Status and Perspectives on Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)

By T. A. Rodrigues, V. Duarte, R. Miranda, Telmo G. Santos, J. P. Oliveira. Materials, 2019

661 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Additive manufacturing has revolutionized the manufacturing paradigm in recent years due to the possibility of creating complex shaped three-dimensional parts which can be difficult or impossible to obtain by conventional manufacturing processes. Among the different additive manufacturing techniques, wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is suitable to produce large metallic parts owing to the high deposition rates achieved, which are significantly larger than powder-bed techniques, for example. The interest in WAAM is steadily increasing, and consequently, significant research efforts are underway. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the most significant achievements in WAAM, highlighting process developments and variants to control the microstructure, mechanical properties, and defect generation in the as-built parts; the most relevant engineering materials used; the main deposition strategies adopted to minimize residual stresses and the effect of post-processing heat treatments to improve the mechanical properties of the parts. An important aspect that still hinders this technology is certification and nondestructive testing of the parts, and this is discussed. Finally, a general perspective of future advancements is presented.

Subfields: Automotive Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e3cbb4ee43db33d9ad0fd070faf475471c7b1e89

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Citations in the corpus

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice (2020, methodology): “Such is especially relevant for repair operations, where additive manufacturing technologies are starting to become more relevant [258,259].”
Review: The Impact of Metal Additive Manufacturing on the Aerospace Industry (2019, background): “Since these problems are less observed in DED processes due to their relatively more effective heat transfer and less sharp thermal cycles, DED processes often yield more consistent builds than PBF systems, thus improving productivity [11,15].”
An overview of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) in shipbuilding industry (2020, methodology): “Microstructure of WAAM 2219 aluminium alloys produced by different modes: (a) CMT; (b) CMT-ADV; (c) CMT-P, and (d) CMT-PADV (Fang et al. 2018). and refinement of microstructure, the surface finish of the final part can also be improved (Rodrigues et al. 2019).”
Porosity in wire arc additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys (2021, methodology): “One of the most promising GMAW avenues for a future industrial use of WAAM is the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) process which enables a reduced energy input compared to other GMAW processes [6 – 8 ] .”
Hot forging wire and arc additive manufacturing (HF-WAAM) (2020, background): “WAAM is based on multiple-pass welding and its metallurgy [2]; thus, the microstructure of the parts consists of coarse columnar grain structures [3] as a consequence of the successive re-melting and solidification thermal cycles.”
Tensile properties and microstructural features of 304L austenitic stainless steel produced by wire-and-arc additive manufacturing (2020, background): “According to ASTM F 2792-10 [2], WAAM lies within the category of direct energy deposition (DED) processes and it is defined as the combination of an electric arc as thermal source to melt the wire feedstock and deposit a part pre-form, layer by layer [3].”