Gold nanoparticles of diameter 1.4 nm trigger necrosis by oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage.

By Yu Pan, Annika Leifert, D. Ruau, S. Neuss, J. Bornemann, G. Schmid, W. Brandau, Ulrich Simon, W. Jahnen-Dechent. Small, 2009

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Gold nanoparticles as novel agents for cancer therapy. (2012, background): “While some studies have shown no cellular toxicity, other in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated cellular reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial toxicity, cytokine release, apoptosis and necrosis [12, 21–27].”
Toxicity assessment of nanomaterials: methods and challenges (2010, background): “Gold NPs Affects cellular micromotility; mitochondrial damage; oxidative stress, autophagy in in vitro studies [101–103]”
Potential of plant as a biological factory to synthesize gold and silver nanoparticles and their applications (2012, background): “It was suggested in some studies that the toxicity of Au nanoparticles was more likely affected by the ligand chemistry (Connor et al. 2005; Pan et al. 2009).”
Toxicity and cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles: what we have learned so far? (2010, positive): “Pan et al. (2009) found that 1.4-nm gold nanospheres triggered necrosis, mitochondrial damage, and induced an oxidative stress on all examined cell line (Table 1).”
Gold Nanoparticles for Photothermal Cancer Therapy (2019, result): “In terms of localized non-specific cytotoxicity, study results are mixed, with some studies demonstrating no cellular toxicity and others demonstrating the production of cellular reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, necrosis, and acute mitochondrial toxicity (Shukla et al., 2005; Pan et al., 2009; Ba”