A Farewell to Critical Junctures: Sorting Out Long-Run Causality of Income and Democracy

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The socio-economic determinants of terrorism and political violence in Western Europe (1994–2007) (2011, methodology): “This is somehow a counterargument to the modernization theory as expounded by Lipset (1959) and recently confirmed by Gundlach and Paldam (2009). Thus, in his argument, Olson argued that in the presence of a rapid economic growth several imbalances are likely to occur so determining a higher degree ”
Does Oil Wealth Affect Democracy in Africa (2014, background): “Gundlach and Paldam (2009) found that income explains the long-term political regime.”
Corruption, Institutions, and Economic Development (2009, background): “it has been hard to establish any robust causal links between democracy and economic development (Przeworski and Limongi, 1993; Acemoglu et al. 2008), recent research by Papaioannou and Siourounis (2008) has shown that democratization may have positive growth e¤ects and Gundlach and Paldam (2008) ”
Workers of the World, Unite! Franchise Extensions and the Threat of Revolution in Europe, 1820-1938 (2014, background): “It is, therefore, possible that the threat of revolution played a 54For evidence supporting ‘modernization theory’, see, e.g., Gundlach and Paldam (2009) and for a critical evaluation, see Przeworski and Limongi (1997).”