Tumor microenvironment abnormalities: Causes, consequences, and strategies to normalize

By Dai Fukumura, Rakesh K. Jain. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 2007

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Tumor microvasculature and microenvironment: targets for anti-angiogenesis and normalization. (2007, background): “Interstitial Hypertension and Abnormal Lymphatics in Tumors Both animal and human tumors exhibit interstitial hypertension while the interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) in normal tissues is around zero mmHg (Fukumura and Jain, 2007; Jain et al., 2007).”
Interstitial fluid and lymph formation and transport: physiological regulation and roles in inflammation and cancer. (2012, background): “As recently summarized (142, 187, 221), there are several factors that contribute to the high Pif in tumors.”
Digoxin and other cardiac glycosides inhibit HIF-1α synthesis and block tumor growth (2008, neutral): “M human cancers contain regions of hypoxia because of rapid cell proliferation and the presence of intratumoral blood vessels that are structurally and functionally abnormal, resulting in both spatial and temporal heterogeneity of blood flow (1, 2).”
Targeting Tumor Microenvironment for Cancer Therapy (2019, background): “Bevacizumab (Avastin), an antibody that targets VEGF, was the first anti-angiogenic approved by FDA that is already in the clinics [62].”