A comparative study of some environmental impacts of conventional and organic farming in Australia

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Organic versus Conventional Cropping Sustainability: A Comparative System Analysis (2018, background): “, 2006 [78] Organic production had reduced indirect energy use than conventional production due to large exclusion of off-farm products such as mineral fertilizer and pesticides.”
Making Conventional Agriculture Environmentally Friendly: Moving beyond the Glorification of Organic Agriculture and the Demonization of Conventional Agriculture (2018, background): “5% of total certified organic operations) with conventional farms in Australia found that organic farms have higher direct energy use, energy related emissions, and greenhouse gas emissions than conventional operations [71].”
Livestock, livelihoods and the environment: understanding the trade-offs (2009, background): “Life cycle and value chain analysis could play a significant role in this regard [39,40].”
The Carbon and Global Warming Potential Impacts of Organic Farming: Does It Have a Significant Role in an Energy Constrained World? (2011, background): “[82] concluded that, even though on-site energy use was higher, in total, organic fruit (unspecified varieties) in Australia had about 30% lower energy intensity than conventional fruit production.”