Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: An application of electrowetting

By B. Berge, J. Peseux. 2000

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Microfluidics Integrated Biosensors: A Leading Technology towards Lab-on-a-Chip and Sensing Applications (2015, methodology): “The most commonly used actuation mechanism for moving the droplets on the array of electrodes is electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) technique which is based on changing the interfacial properties of the liquid using an electric field [84].”
Electrowetting: from basics to applications (2005, background): “This allows for the design of optical systems with variable focal length that can be addressed purely electrically, as first described by Peseux and Berge [110].”
Fiber-optic fluorescence imaging (2005, background): “In the future, millimeter-sized liquid lenses that alter their focus via electrowetting, will allow fast, remotely controlled distal focusing and beam steering for endoscopy and FM”
Microfluidics: Fluid physics at the nanoliter scale (2005, background): “Microdroplets act as optical lenses, for which electrowetting allows precise alignment and focal-length tunability Berge and Peseux, 2000; Krupenkin et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2003 .”