A Note on the Drag of the Sea Surface at Hurricane Winds

By V. Makin. 2005

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Parameterizing turbulent exchange over sea ice in winter (2010, background): “…(5.2)and is basedon averagesand standarddeviationsof ln( z 0 ); DOFgives thedegreesof freedomin the t statistic, N s 1 N u 2 2. drifting snow, and Makin (2005) and Barenblatt et al. (2005) considered these stabilizing effects as a means by which sea spray could cause the drag coefﬁcient over…”
A Physics-Based Parameterization of Air–Sea Momentum Flux at High Wind Speeds and Its Impact on Hurricane Intensity Predictions (2007, background): “As a result, the new Cd tends to level off between the value of 2 and 3, which is similar to the results of Donelan et al. (2004) and within the error bars estimated by Powell et al. (2003). The new momentum flux parameterization has been tested in 11 forecasts of 5 real hurricanes in the Atlantic O”
Directional Wind-Wave Coupling in Fully Coupled Atmosphere-Wave-Ocean Models: Results from CBLAST-Hurricane (2013, background): “Makin (2005) emphasized that the effect of breaking waves on wave-induced stress is particularly important in high-wind conditions.”