What do we know about the substitution effect in transnational terrorism

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Insurance, Self-Protection, and the Economics of Terrorism (2005, unknown): “7 A summary of the literature is provided by Enders and Sandler (2003) .”
Income, interdependence, and substitution effects affecting incentives for security investment (2006, methodology): “First, a low R causes the firms to decrease their investment along the entire range of b.”