Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from four plant cellulose fibers using a chemical-ultrasonic process

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Cellulose nanofibers produced from banana peel by chemical and mechanical treatments: Characterization and cytotoxicity assessment (2018, background): “…2015 1730 Acetyl and uronic ester groups vibration Lignin (hemicelluloses or ester linkage of carboxylic group of the ferulic and p- coumaric acids) Cherian et al., 2008 1612 Conjugated aromatic rings and carbonyl stretching Lignin Hassan et al., 2010 1429 C-H stretching Lignin and waxes Hassan et…”
Bio-Based Coatings for Paper Applications (2015, background): “Apart from the above well-known and industrial mechanical systems, several other less commonly used systems for isolation of nanostructured cellulose fibers include, (1) cryo-crushing [107]; (2) ultrasonication [108]; (3) refiners [109]; and (4) extruders [110].”
Cellulose nanocrystals from pineapple leaf, a new approach for the reuse of this agro-waste (2013, background): “Due to the low initial decomposition temperatures of hemicelluloses, lignin and pectin, the higher initial temperature of thermal decomposition of the TPL is related to the partial removal of hemicelluloses, lignin, and pectins by purification processes (alkali and bleaching treatments) (Alemdar and”