Sodium as nutrient and toxicant

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Potassium fertilization increases water-use efficiency for stem biomass production without affecting intrinsic water-use efficiency in Eucalyptus grandis plantations (2016, background): “Although high concentrations of salt in soils significantly reduce the yields of agricultural crops (Munns, 2005), Na may replace K for various physiological functions (Wakeel et al., 2011; Kronzucker et al., 2013; Erel et al., 2015).”
The Role of Na+ and K+ Transporters in Salt Stress Adaptation in Glycophytes (2017, background): “Unlike in animals, Na is a non-essential element in plants (except in some C4 plants) (Kronzucker et al., 2013; Nieves-Cordones et al., 2016a), and its excess accumulation will be highly deleterious to the plants, with effects including induction of cytosolic K efflux and consequently an imbalance i”
Sodium chloride toxicity and the cellular basis of salt tolerance in halophytes. (2015, background): “A significant proportion of leaf Kþ is in the vacuoles, where it functions in turgor generation: this role can be replaced by Naþ (Leigh and Wyn Jones, 1986; Kronzucker et al., 2013).”