Sodium chloride toxicity and the cellular basis of salt tolerance in halophytes.

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Salt-tolerant genes from halophytes are potential key players of salt tolerance in glycophytes (2016, background): “Generally, most halophytic cells contain more than 500 mM Na+ and Cl , except for extreme halophytes, such as Tecticornia, which contains approximately 2000 mM intracellular Na+, to maintain positive turgor pressure for osmotic adjustments (Flowers et al., 2015).”
Mechanisms of Plant Responses and Adaptation to Soil Salinity (2020, background): “, rice, wheat, and corn) are glycophytes, which are unable to complete their life cycle when soil NaCl concentrations exceed 200 mM.(3,4) Thus, improving salinity stress tolerance in crops is of paramount importance for global food security.”
Insights into the Physiological and Biochemical Impacts of Salt Stress on Plant Growth and Development (2020, background): “Moreover, halophytes also have a greater number of mitochondria, indicating that more energy is required to survive under saline conditions [11,21].”
Adaptation of Plants to Salt Stress: Characterization of Na+ and K+ Transporters and Role of CBL Gene Family in Regulating Salt Stress Response (2019, background): “The current data about root structure and function, as discussed above, indicate that sodium ions can take a direct apoplastic path from the outer medium to the xylem at several levels of the root because endodermal suberization is not yet in place in the young roots area, and leaks remain in second”