Birefringent Glassy Phase of a Cellulose Microcrystal Suspension

By J. Araki, M. Wada, and Shigenori Kuga, T. Okano. 2000

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Optimization of the isolation of nanocrystals from microcrystalline cellulose by acid hydrolysis (2006, result): “This is notably higher than what has been reported by Araki et al. (1998, 2000) , 84 and 140 mmol/kg.”
State of the Art Manufacturing and Engineering of Nanocellulose: A Review of Available Data and Industrial Applications (2013, background): “The corresponding process operating conditions have been determined experimentally on different cellulosic materials [64-81].”
Ionic strength effects on the microstructure and shear rheology of cellulose nanocrystal suspensions (2014, unknown): “It has been reported that the addition of NaCl electrolyte to CNC aqueous suspensions affects the microstructure of the suspensions and also the critical concentrations of liquid crystal phase formation (Dong et al. 1996; Araki et al. 2000; Araki and Kuga 2001; Hirai et al. 2009).”
Crystalline Nanocellulose — Preparation, Modification, and Properties (2015, methodology): “described a method to attach sulfate groups to the cellulose crystals prepared from a hydrochloric acid hydrolysis through an esterification reaction with sulfuric acid (postsulfonation) [38, 79].”