Phase shifts and stable states on coral reefs

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Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems (2014, unknown): “However, few studies have conclusively documented alternative stable-state dynamics (Knowlton 2004), and these have focused mainly on tropical coral reefs (Jackson 1997, Mumby et al. 2007, Dudgeon et al. 2010, Fung et al. 2011).”
Network resilience (2020, background): “Much of the literature over the last 50 years have shown increasing empirical support of alternative stable states gathered by ecologists [72, 31, 79, 82, 66, 73, 83, 28, 56, 84, 85, 86, 65], since 1960s [87].”
Phase shift to algal dominated communities at mesophotic depths associated with lionfish (Pterois volitans) invasion on a Bahamian coral reef (2011, background): “…M. Slattery Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA of that shift depends on the level of coral recruitment in the system, as well as the intensity of herbivory and the structure of the herbivore guild (Mumby 2009; Norström et al. 2009; Dudgeon et al. 2010).”
Temporal changes in benthic assemblages on Florida Keys reefs 11 years after the 1997/1998 El Niño (2013, background): “The most frequently cited example for the Caribbean is the replacement of stony corals by fleshy macroalgae as the dominant taxa (Bruno et al. 2009, Dudgeon et al. 2010).”