Why and how FDI stocks are a biased measure of MNE affiliate activity

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A review of research on outward foreign direct investment from emerging countries, including China: what do we know, how do we know and where should we be heading? (2018, background): “there are skeptics who regard such a claim to be an exaggeration (for instance, Collinson and Rugman 2007), the phenomenon of increasing OFDI from emerging countries has captured attention in recent times (Bhasin and Paul 2016). Because OFDI is widely considered as a major catalyst for the growth of”
What We Talk About When We Talk About Foreign Direct Investment (2014, methodology): “Beugelsdijk et al. (2010) suggest that measuring FDI by affiliate value added or affiliate sales provides a more accurate indication of MNC presence than the quantity of financial investment per se.”
The determinants of tax haven FDI (2016, background): “In this regard, our firm-level evidence of divergent tax haven use across countries and MNEs adds a further dimension to the argument made by Beugelsdijk et al. (2010) and Sutherland and Matthews (2009) with respect to biases in the measurement of aggregate FDI.”
Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment: Globalized Production in the Twenty-First Century (2016, background): “Beugelsdijk et al. (2010) compare balance-of-payments estimates with aggregated foreign affiliate value-added measures.”