Specificity of genetic and environmental risk factors for use and abuse/dependence of cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, sedatives, stimulants, and opiates in male twins.

By Kenneth S. Kendler, K. Jacobson, C. Prescott, Michael C. Neale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2003

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Toward a Syndrome Model of Addiction: Multiple Expressions, Common Etiology (2004, background): “When (1) individuals engage in repeated interactions with a specific object or objects of addiction, and (2) the neurobiological or social consequences of these interactions produce a desirable (i.”
The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes (2005, result): “compared with the Virginia registry, where rates of exposure were lower and heroin-specific heritability was not detecte”
Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction (2005, positive): “For example, a genetic variance shared by multiple classes of drugs of abuse is demonstrated in twin studie”