Effects of spray characteristics on critical heat flux in subcooled water spray cooling

By Ruey-Hung Chen, L. Chow, J. E. Navedo. 2002

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Application of Two-Phase Spray Cooling for Thermal Management of Electronic Devices (2008, background): “in addition to the thermophysical properties of the coolant and heater size, include nozzle type, droplet size and volumetric flux (flow rate per unit area) [2]–[5] and the spatial distribution for both [5]–[8], spray angle [5]–[8], orifice-to-surface distance [6]–[8], and fluid subcooling [5]–[10].”
Review of spray cooling – Part 1: Single-phase and nucleate boiling regimes, and critical heat flux (2017, unknown): “[221] reported that volumetric flow rate, Q, has only a minor influence on CHF, while Pais et al.”
Single-phase and two-phase cooling characteristics of upward-facing and downward-facing sprays (2006, background): “A key reason for this poor understanding is the dependence of spray cooling performance on an unusually large number of parameters, such as mean droplet diameter, mean droplet velocity, volumetric flux, and the statistical distributions of these parameters, as well as cone angle and…”
An overview of heat transfer enhancement methods and new perspectives: Focus on active methods using electroactive materials (2013, background): “[144] concerning the droplet velocity effect: both heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux are enhanced by an increase of droplet velocity because secondary nucleation is closer to the heated surface and mixing of the fluid is increased.”