Universities, Innovation, and Territorial Development: A Review of the Evidence

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Technology Parks versus Science Parks: does the university make the difference? (2013, background): “The effects of proximity to a university on firm innovation have been studied in depth (Lawton Smith, 2007).”
Conceptualizing the Regional Roles of Universities, Implications and Contradictions (2010, background): “Although some parks predate the entrepreneurial university agenda (Lawton-Smith, 2007), science parks have received much attention as a tool of technology transfer and regional development policy, in the hope that they would create new jobs, technologybased firms and help revitalize the local…”
Universities and open innovation: the determinants of network centrality (2019, background): “Therefore, the objective of the paper is to argue that the concept of open innovation should be increasingly integrated into frameworks examining the role of universities as entrepreneurial actors (Lawton Smith et al.”
The Economic and Innovation Contribution of Universities: A Regional Perspective (2009, background): “The knowledge development capabilities of economies are increasingly associated with their systems of innovation, both national and regional, with universities considered a part of these systems alongside firms, R&D laboratories and training agencies, etc. (Freeman, 1987, Freeman, 1995; Nelson and R”