Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals.

By Shishir P. S. Chundawat, Gregg T. Beckham, M. Himmel, B. Dale. Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 2011

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Novel enzymes for the degradation of cellulose (2012, background): “Limiting factors lie in the heterogeneity of the plant cell wall (primarily cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin [5]) and the inaccessibility and recalcitrance of its individual components.”
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS BY ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY PRETREATMENT METHODS: A REVIEW (2018, background): “This polysaccharide has a low degree of polymerization, and without crystalline regions, so it can be easily degraded into monosaccharides such as fructose, xylose, galactose, dextrose, arabinose, and mannose (Balat, 2011; Chundawat et al., 2011; Karimi and Taherzadeh, 2016).”
Lignin valorization through integrated biological funneling and chemical catalysis (2014, background): “Lignin, an alkyl-aromatic polymer comprising 15–30% of biomass, is typically underused in selective conversion processes and is instead relegated for heat and power (2, 5, 6, 8).”