Closed loop pulsating heat pipes Part B: visualization and semi-empirical modeling

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Closed loop pulsating heat pipes: Part A: parametric experimental investigations (2003, methodology): “This aspect, including semi-empirical modeling approach coupled with critical visualization results is addressed in Part B of this paper [19].”
Thermal performance of horizontal closed-loop oscillating heat pipes (2008, background): “This feature should correspond with the variation of adiabatic temperatures in adjacent tubes [6–9].”
Advances and Unsolved Issues in Pulsating Heat Pipes (2008, methodology): “[23] also developed a semi-empirical model based on the Reynolds, Karman, liquid Prandtl, and Jakob numbers.”
Local heat transfer measurement and thermo-fluid characterization of a pulsating heat pipe (2014, background): “[16] have performed both thermal characterization and visualization of a wide number of PHP systems providing critical information on the parameter dependency of their thermal performances.”
Operational limit of closed loop pulsating heat pipes (2008, background): “While quite some research has been performed on the operational behavior and physical phenomena in PHPs, including various experimental studies [5–12] and attempts of mathematical modeling [13–18], rather limited knowledge exists on the ultimate performance or performance limits of PHPs [19–22].”