Non-Tariff Measures in EU-US Trade and Investment: An Economic Analysis

By Joseph Francois, K. Berden, Saara Tamminen, Martin H. Thelle, P. Wymenga. 2013

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Heterogeneous effects of economic integration agreements (2018, methodology): “…work needed to be done should cast an eye to earlier efforts to measure and analyze the effects of non-tariff measures and trade facilitation for European Union countries addressed in Anderson et al. (2008), which provided underlying methodology for Berden et al. (2010) and Francois et al. (2013).”
Non-tariff barriers, integration and the transatlantic economy (2015, background): “…that all observed deviations in actual trade from predicted trade (not explained by pairwise distance or by size of markets) results from unobserved trade costs (for more discussion on these points, see De Melo and Tarr, 1992; Francois and Shiells, 1994; Hertel, 1997, 2013; Francois et al., 2013).”
Brexit and the macroeconomic impact of trade policy uncertainty (2019, background): “Once this transition has occurred, the economy remains in hard or soft Brexit forever: Πt(Zso f t|Zso f t) = Πt(Zhard|Phard) = 1 for 11Several WIOD industries do not have counterparts in Francois et al. (2013). Many of these industries, such as the sale and maintenance of motor vehicles, are nontrad”
DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT A: ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC POLICY (2012, background): “According to research, the tariff equivalent of regulatory/NTBs in chemicals is slightly higher in the US than in the EU (Ecorys, 2009).”