Characterisation of fly ashes. Potential reactivity as alkaline cements

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Effects of nano-silica on the strength development of geopolymer cured at room temperature (2015, background): “Fernandez and Palomo [21] pointed out that the amount of OH ion in the alkaline solution contributes towards the dissolution of Si4+ and Al3+ from fly ash, while the Na+ ion contributes to the crystallization process.”
Binding mechanism and properties of alkali-activated fly ash/slag mortars (2013, background): “In general, two types of cementitious materials can be produced by alkaline activation, one is the case of the alkali-activated slag (Si and Ca) and the other is the alkali-activated class F fly ash (Si and Al) [2,7–9].”
Low-Calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete: Long-term properties (2006, background): “…source material should have low calcium content and other characteristics such as unburned material lower than 5%, Fe2O3 content not higher than 10%, 40-50% of reactive silica content, 80-90% particles with size lower than 45 µm and high content of vitreous phase (Fernández-Jiménez & Palomo, 2003).”