Artificial reef design: void space, complexity, and attractants

By R. L. Sherman, David S. Gilliam, R. Spieler. 2002

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Degradation and restoration of coral reefs: Experience in Okinawa, Japan (2011, background): “Competing ideas among scientists and engineers vary widely, from creating coral habitat with large concrete ‘reef balls’ (Sherman et al. 2002) or wave-dissipating blocks with unevenly processed surfaces (‘Eco-Block’, Maekouchi et al. 2010), to the use of weak electric current on substrata.”
Effects of increased habitat complexity on fish assemblages associated with large artificial reef units (French Mediterranean coast) (2002, background): “…units, and support earlier conclusions about the prominent role that habitat complexity has on the ecological effectiveness of artificial reefs (Shulman, 1984; Helvey and Smith, 1985; Gorham and Alevizon, 1989; Hixon and Beets, 1989; Bohnsack, 1991; Ody and Harmelin, 1994; Sherman et al., 2002).”