Depicting the Quarterback in Black and White: A Content Analysis of College and Professional Football Broadcast Commentary

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Investigating Sports Commentator Bias within a Large Corpus of American Football Broadcasts (2019, background): “(Rainville and McCormick, 1977; Rada, 1996; Billings, 2004; Rada and Wulfemeyer, 2005) typically assume hard distinctions between racial groups, which measurably affect commentary.”
How Stereotypes Are Shared Through Language: A Review and Introduction of the Social Categories and Stereotypes Communication (SCSC) Framework (2019, background): “…and basketball have been shown to subtly induce associations by more frequently emphasizing athleticism of African-American players, while emphasizing intellectual abilities and character traits of White players (Billings, 2004; Eastman & Billings, 2001; Rada, 1996; Rada & Wulfemeyer, 2005).”
Packaging the Games for Viewer Consumption: Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationality in NBC's Coverage of the 2004 Summer Olympics (2007, background): “Researchers (Billings, 2004; Billings & Eastman, 2003) usually see sports media telecasts as being grounded in agenda-setting (McCombs & Shaw, 1972) and framing (Goffman, 1974) theories.”