Global impact of ionospheric outflows on the dynamics of the magnetosphere and cross-polar cap potential

By R. Winglee, D. Chua, M. Brittnacher, G. Parks, G. Lu. 2002

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Altered solar wind-magnetosphere interaction at low Mach numbers: Coronal mass ejections (2008, background): “…suggesting a lower dayside reconnection rate [Merkine et al., 2003]; (6) a decrease in convection by mass loading from ionospheric outflows [Winglee et al., 2002], and (7) a saturation mechanism based on a circuit analog of a generator-load system [Ridley, 2007; Kivelson and Ridley, 2008].”
Factors controlling ionospheric outflows as observed at intermediate altitudes (2005, background): “The second is to provide scaling laws that can be used in computational models that wish to include ionospheric outflows [e.g., Winglee et al., 2002] but with a variable rate dependent on external drivers.”
Circulation of Heavy Ions and Their Dynamical Effects in the Magnetosphere: Recent Observations and Models (2014, background): “It was subsequently shown that even when the mass density inner boundary conditions are constant, the resulting outflow away from the boundary is quite dynamic (Winglee 2002; Winglee et al. 2008) and correlates strongly with cross polar cap potential (CPCP) and solar wind dynamic pressure (Welling a”