A female advantage in the recognition of emotional facial expressions: test of an evolutionary hypothesis

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Controlling for Response Biases Clarifies Sex and Age Differences in Facial Affect Recognition (2010, background): “This advantage is disproportionately greater for negative emotions (i.e., anger, fear, sadness, and disgust) relative to positive emotions (i.e., happiness) ( Hampson et al. 2006 ).”
Testosterone Reduces Conscious Detection of Signals Serving Social Correction Implications for Antisocial Behavior (2007, result): “parallel observed gender differences in emotion recognition (Hampson et al., 2006; Montagne et al., 2005) and support our Fig.”
Empathy: Gender effects in brain and behavior (2014, background): “…A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript Females, as the primary caretakers of the young infants, may have evolved adaptations to be sensitive to nonverbal expressions, as such sensitivities may have increased infant survival (Babchuk et al., 1985; Hampson et al., 2006).”
Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies ahead☆ (2015, background): “Gender differences are more pronounced in the decoding of negative versus positive facial emotions (Hampson et al., 2006), and women show more selective responses to subtleties in negative facial expressions.”