Ultrastructure of attachment specializations of hexapods (Arthropoda): evolutionary patterns inferred from a revised ordinal phylogeny
By R. Beutel, Stanislav N. Gorb. 2001
454 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Attachment devices of representatives of most higher taxa of hexapods were examined. Short descriptions of tibial, tarsal and pretarsal adhesive structures for each order are presented. In their evolution, hexapods have developed two distinctly different mechanisms to attach themselves to a variety of substrates: hairy surfaces and smooth flexible pads. The flexible properties of pad material guarantees a maximal contact with surfaces, regardless of the microsculpture. These highly specialized structures are not restricted to one particular area of the leg. They may be located on different parts, such as claws, derivatives of the pretarsus, tarsal apex, tarsomeres, or tibia. The 10 characters of the two alternative designs of attachment devices – smooth and hairy – were coded and analysed together with a data matrix containing 105 additional morphological characters of different stages and body parts. The analysis demonstrates, that similar structures (arolium, euplantulae, hairy tarsomeres) have evolved independently in several lineages. Nevertheless, some of them support monophyletic groups (e.g. Embioptera + Dermaptera; Dictyoptera + Phasmatodea + Grylloblattodea + Orthoptera; Dictyoptera + Phasmatodea; Hymenoptera + Mecopterida; Neuropterida + Strepsiptera + Coleoptera). Other structures such as claw pads (Ephemeroptera), balloon-shaped eversible pads (Thysanoptera), or fossulae spongiosae (Reduviidae) are unique for larger or smaller monophyletic units. It is plausible to assume that the evolution of flight and the correlated necessity to cling to vegetation or other substrates was a major trigger for the evolution of adhesive structures. Groups with a potential to evolve a great variety of designs of adhesive pads are Hemiptera and Diptera. Even though characters of the adhesive pads are strongly subject to selection, they can provide phylogenetic information. The results of the cladistic analyses are largely congruent with current hypotheses of hexapod phylogeny. A sistergroup relationship between Diplura and Insecta and between Zygentoma (excl. Tricholepidion) and Pterygota is confirmed. Plecoptera are probably the sistergroup of the remaining Neoptera. Dermaptera are the sistergroup of Embioptera and Dictyoptera the sistergroup of Phasmatodea. Paurometabola excl. Dermaptera + Embioptera are monophyletic. A sistergroup relationship between Zoraptera and a clade comprising Paraneoptera + Endopterygota is only supported by weak evidence. Coleoptera + Strepsiptera are the sistergroup of Neuropterida and Hymenoptera the sistergroup of Mecopterida.
Subfields: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Genetics
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ba2e28331428b0fbdced74f3ecd1b9b9d8044627
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Citations in the corpus
- The effect of surface roughness on claw and adhesive hair performance in the dock beetle Gastrophysa viridula (2011, background): “Adhesive pad structures have independently developed in multiple lineages such as tree frogs, lizards, spiders and many insect orders; they broadly divide into ‘smooth’ (soft pads) and ‘hairy’ (arrays of microscopic setae) (Beutel & Gorb, 2001; Scherge & Gorb, 2001).”
- Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects (2005, background): “This approach ignores recent strides in insect ordinal phylogeny which utilize formal analyses of morphological and molecular data (Beutel and Gorb, 2001; Wheeler et al., 2001b), and we question the utility of mental analyses in modern phylogenetics.”
- The Morphology And Phylogeny Of Dionychan Spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae) (2014, background): “This convergence would be extremely curious, but it was also invented many other times, in multiple insect orders, and even lizards have twice developed a remarkably similar morphology (Arzt et al., 2003; Beutel and Gorb, 2001; Filipov et al., 2011; Gorb, 2008).”
- Effects of surface topography and chemistry of Rumex obtusifolius leaves on the attachment of the beetle Gastrophysa viridula (2009, background): “Gastrophysa viridula In common with most representatives of the family Chrysomelidae, the attachment system in this species consists of two claws, curved ventrally, and adhesive pads (Figure 3A), which belong to the hairy type of the locomotory attachment devices (Beutel & Gorb, 2001).”
- Insect morphology in the age of phylogenomics: innovative techniques and its future role in systematics (2014, background): “…for understanding the functions of diverse structures, which may have played an important role in the evolution of the groups in question, and are often also helpful in reconstructing relationships (e.g. attachment structures, Beutel & Gorb 2001, 2006; wing base sclerites, Yoshizawa 2011).”
- Endopterygote systematics – where do we stand and what is the goal (Hexapoda, Arthropoda)? (2006, methodology): “The main argument is the posteromotorism (not coded in Beutel & Gorb, 2001) and related structural modifications (e.g. size reduction of the mesothorax, loss of mesothoracic muscles; Beutel & Gorb, 2001), the absence of the dorsal pulsatile diaphragm (Pass, 1998; Beutel & Gorb, 2001) and a…”
- The Systematics of the Hemiptera (2008, unknown): “Some phylogenetic hypotheses show a polytomy among Psocodea, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera (e.g., Kristensen 1991; Beutel and Gorb 2001).”
- Is Ellipura monophyletic? A combined analysis of basal hexapod relationships with emphasis on the origin of insects (2004, methodology): “…sources, mainly from studies of basal hexapods and hexapod phylogeny (Kristensen 1981, 1991, 1995, 1998; Koch 1997, 2000; Bitsch and Bitsch 1998, 2000; Kraus 1998; Machida and Ando 1998; Gereben-Krenn and Pass 1999, 2000; Pass 2000; Staniczek 2000; Beutel and Gorb 2001; Wheeler et al. 2001).”
- Attachment ability of the beetle Chrysolina fastuosa on various plant surfaces (2002, background): “In common with most representatives of the family Chrysomelidae, this species bears attachment pads, which belong to the hairy type of the locomotory attachment devices of insects (Beutel & Gorb, 2001).”
- Phylogeny of the Neuropterida: a first molecular approach (2004, methodology): “A sister-group relationship with the Coleoptera (with or without Strepsiptera) is the preferred hypothesis at present, no matter whether a morphological, molecular or joint approach is used for the phylogenetic analysis (Kristensen, 1999; Beutel & Gorb, 2001; Wheeler et al., 2001; Whiting, 2002).”
- Arthropod Biology and Evolution: Molecules, Development, Morphology (2013, result): “Pterygota) (Beutel and Gorb 2001; Giribet et al. 2004), whereas other data speak in favour of it being sister group to other Zygentoma or within that group (Koch 2003b; Dallai et al. 2004).”