Efflux-mediated multiresistance in Gram-negative bacteria.

By K. Poole. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2004

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Three Decades of β-Lactamase Inhibitors (2010, background): “(iv) Efflux pumps, as part of either an acquired or intrinsic resistance phenotype, are capable of exporting a wide range of substrates from the periplasm to the surrounding environment (347).”
Efflux-mediated antimicrobial resistance. (2005, positive): “cholerae, respectively, also accommodate macrolides.(74) Erythromycin resistance reversible by the efflux inhibitor PAbN has been reported in clinical Campylobacter spp.”
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: resistance and therapeutic options at the turn of the new millennium. (2007, background): “and, to some extent, meropenem [35]), have been associated with an increase in drug efflux, a mechanism that confers cross-resistance to many unrelated antibiotic classes [36].”
Cationic antiseptics: diversity of action under a common epithet (2005, background): “Acquisition or hyperexpression of multidrug efflux pumps has however been associated with changes in MIC of therapeutically important third party antibiotics which co-incidentally serve as substrates to those pumps (Poole 2003).”
Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: mechanisms and epidemiology. (2006, background): “This efflux mechanism belongs to the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family of efflux systems [63], known to accommodate a broad range of structurally unrelated molecules, including most classes of antibiotics.”