Helminth parasites – masters of regulation

By Rick M. Maizels, A. Balic, N. Gomez-Escobar, M. Nair, M. Taylor, J. Allen. Immunological Reviews, 2004

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Evolutionary Causes and Consequences of Immunopathology (2005, background): “Such manipulations are common among helminths (Maizels et al. 2004), protozoa (Sacks & Sher 2002), and viruses (Tortorella et al. 2000), and immunomodulatory products of parasites are genetically polymorphic in at least some species (Behnke et al. 1992, Britton et al. 1995, Yatsuda et al. 2001).”
Decomposing health: tolerance and resistance to parasites in animals (2009, background): “Helminths, for example, often induce suppressive types of immune responses that benefit their own survival (Maizels et al. 2004) but have so-called ‘bystander effects’ on responses to other infections (Hartgers & Yazdanbakhsh 2006; Kamal & Khalifa 2006).”
Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells (2005, positive): “Current theories postulate that pathogen-induced T reg cells control both Th1 and Th2 effector populations (2, 3, 11, 16, 27, 53).”
Helminth immunoregulation: The role of parasite secreted proteins in modulating host immunity (2009, background): “Howver, general patterns have emerged, revealing the ways in which elminths can dampen host immunity, and how immunopatholgy may result from a dysregulated response to infection [10].”