Explicit self-criticism and implicit self-regard: Evaluating self and friend in two cultures

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Self-Compassion and Self-Construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwan (2008, methodology): “…Japan, people are more self-critical than in the West (Kitayama & Markus, 2000; Kitayama, Markus, Matsumoto, & Norasakkunkit, 1997).1 For instance, Kitayama and Uchida (2003) claim that “explicit self-criticism is often an integral part of densely knit, emotionally interdependent or communal…”
On the panculturality of self-enhancement and self-protection motivation: the case for the universality of self-esteem (2015, background): “…that the Chinese and Japanese, like Westerners, have more positive, and/or less negative, associations toward themselves than toward others (Cai et al., 2012; Study 2; Falk, Heine, Takemura, Zang, & Hsu, 2014; Kitayama & Uchida, 2003; Kobayashi & Greenwald, 2003; but see Szeto et al., 2009).”
Why do Westerners self‐enhance more than East Asians? (2009, background): “Similar to past cross-cultural research with the IATSE (Kitayama & Uchida, 2003; Kobayashi & Greenwald, 2003; Yamaguchi et al., 2007; but see Szeto et al., in press), the Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Eur.”
The effect of culture on perception and cognition: A conceptual framework (2014, background): “Kitayama and Uchida (2003) confirm that East Asians show less motivation to self-enhance than Westerners, and Japanese are more likely to engage in self-criticism, which helps them avoid future ill-perceived behavior (Kitayama et al., 1997).”