Improper use of endogenous formative variables

135 citations recorded by the source corpus.

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

Partial least squares path modeling: Time for some serious second thoughts (2016, background): “Aggregating multiple dimensions into a composite is also problematic because it leads to variables that are often uninterpretable (Cadogan and Lee, 2013; Edwards, 2011).”
Bootstrapping and PLS-SEM: A step-by-step guide to get more out of your bootstrap results (2016, background): “For a general discussion about the modeling issues associated with endogenous formative variables, and therefore the limitations to extend the principles of equation (5) to this type of variable, the interested reader is referred to the work of Cadogan and Lee (2013).”
The MIMIC model and formative variables: problems and solutions (2013, background): “2011), there are significant areas of disquiet around the formative model (e.g. Borsboom et al. 2003; Cadogan and Lee 2013; Edwards 2011; Franke et al. 2008; Howell et al. 2007a; Lee and Cadogan 2013; Wilcox et al. 2008).”
Bridging Design and Behavioral Research With Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (2017, background): “…for measurement, empirical studies can say nothing about the relationship between exogenous variables and the endogenous formative latent variable” (Cadogan and Lee 2013, p. 233; for a rejoinder, see Rigdon 2014a) or variance-based SEM “is not an adequate approach to modeling scenarios where a…”