Measurement Instruments for the Anthropomorphism, Animacy, Likeability, Perceived Intelligence, and Perceived Safety of Robots

By Christoph Bartneck, Dana Kulic, Elizabeth A. Croft, Susana Zoghbi. Int. J. Soc. Robotics, 2009

3,069 citations recorded by the source corpus.

This study emphasizes the need for standardized measurement tools for human robot interaction (HRI). If we are to make progress in this field then we must be able to compare the results from different studies. A literature review has been performed on the measurements of five key concepts in HRI: anthropomorphism, animacy, likeability, perceived intelligence, and perceived safety. The results have been distilled into five consistent questionnaires using semantic differential scales. We report reliability and validity indicators based on several empirical studies that used these questionnaires. It is our hope that these questionnaires can be used by robot developers to monitor their progress. Psychologists are invited to further develop the questionnaires by adding new concepts, and to conduct further validations where it appears necessary.

Subfields: Artificial Intelligence, Social Psychology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b3f6067a627b2c8952536c52414fddf892d735c6

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Citations in the corpus

Human Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Review of Empirical Research (2020, background): “users (Bartneck et al., 2006), tangibility may increase emotional trust. Thus, the preexisting attitudes of users could be an important moderator of the effect of AI agent tangibility on the development of emotional trust. Anthropomorphism. Anthropomorphism, that is, human-likeness, is generally tho”
Acceptance of Healthcare Robots for the Older Population: Review and Future Directions (2009, neutral): “perceptions of robots [83].”
Social robots for education: A review (2018, background): “Godspeed questionnaire, measuring the user’s perception of robots (78)”
A Survey of Methods for Safe Human-Robot Interaction (2017, methodology): “For example, Bartneck et al. (2008) developed the “Godspeed” questionnaire, a carefully designed set of questions based on prior work in HRI that allows researchers to measure several key HRI metrics on a standardized, validated scale. Perceived safety is one of five major dimensions addressed by th”
Empathy Is All You Need: How a Conversational Agent Should Respond to Verbal Abuse (2020, methodology): “We adopted items from the Bartneck et al.’s [8] study to assess the anthropomorphism, likability, and perceived intelligence of an agent.”
Parasocial interactions with real and virtual influencers: The role of perceived similarity and human-likeness (2022, background): “Literature from the field of human–computer interaction offers an abundance of scales that measure participants’ impressions of human-likeness regarding various types of artificial entity (e.g. Bartneck et al., 2009; Ho and MacDor-man, 2017).”
Robots in Society, Society in Robots - Mutual Shaping of Society and Technology as a Framework for Social Robot Design (2010, background): “Even in these moments of reflection on the interplay between technology and society, the emphasis on technical benchmarks and breakthroughs can persist, although it is becomingly increasingly clear that the measures of success of social robots should include the subjective perceptions of users [1, 4”
Empathy in Virtual Agents and Robots (2017, background): “…and robots, the majority of researchers use related measures such as the quality and adequacy of emotions expressed by the agents, believability (Bartneck et al. 2009), social presence (Harms and Biocca 2004), friendship, anthropomorphism and perceived intelligence (Bartneck et al. 2009), or…”
Social eye gaze in human-robot interaction (2017, background): “For example, to evaluate how well gaze behaviors make a robot seem like a positive interaction partner, these scales measure characteristics like intelligence, animacy, and likeability (Bartneck, Kuli´c, Croft, & Zoghbi, 2009).”