Population declines of a long-lived salamander: a 20+-year study of hellbenders, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis

By B. Wheeler, Ethan D. Prosen, A. Mathis, R. Wilkinson. 2003

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Species loss and shifting population structure of freshwater turtles despite habitat protection (2007, background): “Wheeler et al. (2003) also observed shifts towards larger size/age classes in declining populations of hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), a long-lived salamander, which they also attributed to limited juvenile recruitment.”
Population Status of the Eastern Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) in Indiana (2011, background): “Recent estimates of hellbender population density vary considerably, often by as much as an order of magnitude (Hillis and Bellis, 1971; Nickerson et al., 2002; Mayashich et al., 2003; Wheeler et al., 2003; Humphries and Pauley, 2005; Table 1).”
Population Status of Hellbender Salamanders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) in the Allegheny River Drainage of New York State (2009, background): “This is consistent with the trend observed by a similar study of Hellbenders in Missouri, in which size classes .40 cm increased over a 20-year period (Wheeler et al., 2003).”
An eDNA approach to detect eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus a. alleganiensis) using samples of water (2012, unknown): “Adults are long-lived (over 20 years in the wild), yet hellbender populations throughout much of the mid-western United States suffer from extremely low reproduction, with declining populations being skewed towards adult age-classes (Wheeler et al. 2003; Burgmeier et al. 2011b).”