The Biology of the Cycads

By K. Norstog, T. Nicholls. 2020

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Thrips Pollination of the Central Australian Cycad, Macrozamia macdonnellii (Cycadales) (2001, background): “Encephalartos, an African genus with rather more than 60 species, is considered to be the sistergroup (Norstog and Nicholls 1997) of two Australian genera—Lepidozamia, with two species, and Macrozamia, with 38 species (D. Jones, personal communication).”
Thrips and Weevils as Dual, Specialist Pollinators of the Australian Cycad Macrozamia communis (Zamiaceae) (2001, background): “Cycads, dioecious plants that live for many decades or centuries (Norstog and Nicholls 1997), may be involved in many, but sporadically occurring, reproductive events.”
Motile Gametes of Land Plants: Diversity, Development, and Evolution (2001, background): “A multitude of minute mitochondria are found throughout the cytoplasm of seed plant flagellated sperm (Gifford and Lin, 1975; Norstog and Nicholls, 1997).”
Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms (2006, background): “I have changed the scoring of cycads from (0/ 1) to (3): although ovules are abaxial on a peltate sporophyll in some cycads (Zamia, Encephalartos, etc.), they are marginal in more basal taxa (Cycas, Dioon, Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/The-Journal-of-the-Torrey-Botanical-Society on 10”