Optimism and hope constructs: Variants on a positive expectancy theme.

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Distinguishing Hope and Optimism: Two Sides of a Coin, or Two Separate Coins? (2004, methodology): “…to the pathways dimension of hope, consistent with the notion that the optimism model rests upon agency-like expectancies regarding goal attainment (Snyder et al., 2001); and (b) that optimism relates more strongly to the pathways dimension than to the agency dimension of hope (Snyder, 1991),…”
Positive expectancies and mental health: Identifying the unique contributions of hope and optimism (2009, result): “Previous theoretical discussions of the differences between hope and optimism (Snyder, 2002; Snyder et al., 2001) have noted potential situations in which this might be the case and our results provide preliminary support for this hypothesis by demonstrating that hope and optimism are…”
Promoting Hope: Suggestions for School Counselors (2008, background): “Goals are the anchor of hope theory, as they are the targets of mental action sequences (Snyder et al., 2000).”