Ecotoxicological impact of pharmaceuticals found in treated wastewaters: study of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, and diclofenac.

By B. Ferrari, N. Paxéus, R. Lo Giudice, A. Pollio, J. Garric. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2003

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Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater. (2012, methodology): “Ferrari et al. (2003) calculated PNEC from bioassays for bacteria, algae, microcrustaceans, and fishes to perform an initial risk characterization against both MEC and PEC for carbamazepine, clofibric acid, and diclofenac.”
Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater: removal, mass load and environmental risk after a secondary treatment--a review. (2012, neutral): “…Bacteria EC50 (30 min-luminescence) 11.4 Ferrari et al. (2004) Bacteria EC50 (15 min-inhibition) 9.7 Ra et al. (2008) Microtox EC50 (30 min) 11.45 Ferrari et al. (2003) Daphnia EC50 (48 h) 22.43 Ferrari et al. (2003) C. dubia EC50 (48 h) 22.7 Ferrari et al. (2003) Algae EC50 (96 h-growth) 14.5…”
Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals. (2006, background): “Fibr ave been evaluated by traditional toxicity tests. ollowing NOEC were found for clofibric acid inC. ubia [NOEC (7 days) = 640 g/L], the rotiferB. calyiflorus [NOEC (2 days) = 246 g/L], and in early ife stages of zebrafish [NOEC (10 days) = 70 mg Ferrari et al., 2003).”